PMC

Schematic of a cross-sectional view of the proposed device with DSD (not to scale). Both lens liquid (silicone oil) and ambient liquid (polyalcohol) are shown here. (a) A concave lens at the relaxed state without the DEP force. (b) A convex lens after liquid displacement with the DEP force applied via the electrodes in the capacitive chamber. The force is directed inward as indicated by red arrows.

Orientation of the accommodative components. A (a): Stereoscopic view of a sagittal section of adult monkey eye demonstrating the cornea (Cornea), process of the CM (CB-p, upper arrow), zonule (zonule, lower arrow) and lens (Lens) (Aldehyde-fuchsin stain). The shape of the disc lens is different between the anterior (a) and posterior (p) curvature. The anterior curvature is smooth concave, and the posterior curvature shows two steps of central concave with a rather flat peripheral configuration. The width of the middle axis between (a) and (e) is shorter than that between (e) and (p). A (b): The anterior zonule attaches to the anterior lens capsule (a) as a thick fan-shaped bundle and diverges in a concentric extension toward the lens apex. The posterior zonule (p) is thinner and shorter than the anterior zonule and sparse in the equator (e). B: Sagittal section of the equatorial region of the lens. Zones of the capsule (arrowhead), lens epithelium (large arrow) with nuclear inward alignment (right-to-left) demonstrating the possible process of lens fiber development (small arrows) and fiber lamellae (*) are identified. Interspaces of the newly formed fiber zone of the lens cortex (*) contain wider spaces between lamellae than in the internal zone (double asterisks), where lamellae are closely associated with each other (Trichrome stain).

(A) Mechanism of an optical zoom system composed of a convex lens (L₁) and a concave lens (L₂). The focal length and the working distance of the system change as L₁ moves from S to S′. (B) Double exposure images showing a convex lens (CAW110, Ø6.28 mm, 0.05 g) linearly driven by a lens motor by applying an electric field of 24 MV/m. The lens is mounted to the inner rim of the motor via a predefined paper tape. (C) Stroke distance of a lens motor without and with the convex lens mounted to the inner rim. Bidirectional stroke under square wave actuation at 1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz with a peak electric field of 24 MV/m. (D) Left, photographic images showing the zoom system and objects at different distances; right, photographic images captured by the optical zoom system at two different focal lengths. (E) Focal length variation as a function of the initial distance between the two lenses and the electrical field applied.

Design of the sensor-lens unit prepared for use in the experiments. Components: 1. True-color sensor with PC interface (RS232), power supply, switching outputs and two optical fibers (emitter and receiver); 2. Lens (double concave, diameter 5 cm, angle 22.5° connector for optical fiber); 3. Space for valve and nozzle.